A coolant for metal machining processes



Patented May 24, 1949 Johan Bjorksten,

Err-so ST 2,4705913 A CGOLANT PROCESSES Chicago, and-Thomas G. crew ley, Plainfield, 111., assignors tp-Beechefiiioal Company,- a corporation of Illinois 1 NoDraWing. Application September 26,- '1945I Serial- No.

positions having fanhigher, r

esistance-to localized.

extreme1yhighs ternpenaturesithaw-has hereto r 5 fore "beenpossible-fin compositions of similar natureh Heretoiore the liquids used -as ooolants orlubricants -in metalmachiningwprocesses have con- I siste-cl 'pr'incipall-yweithee of emulsions of oilsinmqueousmediaea Such em-ulsionsr have- -the advantage of combining lubricity w with theexcellent heatabstracting quaiitieseharacteristicv- -to waterg and thereforer are thepre ferred coolants or lubricants in many operations; However; the perf ormanee -or the emulsions as wel-l *a-s of thestraight: *oils o-f restricted' -hy thefollowing-' prior art, has been disadvantages; and

because of the -followi-ng facts:

In metai -mach iningi extremely-highftempei a cures areevolved' at the'poir'it where the metal is 'arrest'ed lathe that the o as re being oarteda thetmetal has a-etu In 'g'rindin'g"thisis 52 a molten 'state -at the p'oint Where machining "step."

disadvaiitage "of interfering with the iocal'coolor scorching of machining media. is still'niore 4 serious; arid these operationszpresent the principal fieldof application -of this K heretofore used; whether us inventiona The oils edvstraight or as an emulsion when-in contact withJocally overheated metal in grinding will cause a gummy deposit to 45 form on and. e'etweenthe-grits of the-grinding wheels This-gummymasshot-only will impairheat transference but it-wil1 also act as a binder" for small metal chip's; grit; w

omdownparticles of v other serious disadvafitagesg interstices in the -wh'e' loading or glazing-of Because-"of-thesefii grifiding, it has even-- eliminate oilsf-froin with straigh'tf emulsiohsof low solvent; lierdsehe a I makebossibie keepiii highly sus'ceptibl o corrosion unless- 1; teeted ty a separate cos'tly -ahd tedious operation,

An 'obj'ect' ofthiS- invefifloif is' fi lifilifialfe the's disadfa-ntag'esh Another"objeet' is toprovide metal machining' media which are not eat manger to anykind e on rapid cbntaet -wi-th Xtrefil In accordance with this-#i-rw'ention; we empl oys- -s metal machining "compositions oomprisi'n-g a's -the essential-oleaginousingredient-the-noncrackable residual oil "from-cracking temperature treatment'- of petroleum products or equival'entywproducts from other sources, as further defined belowv i v In cracking-operation-a petroleummaterial to be transformedto commercial-15F more valuable fractiohs is broughtz intmhontact withwery high temperatures either i nthe-presenceor absence ofa catalysts. Under the influence of these high temm peratures; the hydrocarbon materialsdecompose in whole or in party-and freemadicals thus getter-w: atetl -will recombine so as .to formother aconstit m A entsof greatercommeroial-=va1ue 1 However," oer; 'tain fractions'in this cracking:operation will -no change but remain uninfluencedby' thevery temperature of the tracking-op.erationsFAs:the material to be cracked; is recycled andr-the cracking operation repeated manW timea -theperwcentageof this nomerackabI-e orrefractory 7 Example 2.-A "soluble cutting compound Percent di butyl phenyl phenol sodium disulfonate 3.2 sulph castor oil (75% Emulslfiers sulph) 12 tall oil 12 potassium hydroxide 1.7

2 methyl 2.4 pentane diol 1 Coupling agents diethylene glycol mono ethyl ether 2 cyclohexanol 2 Catalyst nickelmineralsulfonate l Penetrantterpin hydrate 1 paraffinic mineral oil, 100

S. U. viscosity 1 40 refractory oil, having U. 0. P. characterization No. 10.6 and boiling range 630-750 F 25 I mercury pyridinium ace- 1 tate .l

The ingredients were heated together hour at 200 F. in a closed vessel, Whereafter the composition was adjusted in the manner customary and well known in the art by addition of about 1-3% of either alkali, fatty acid or mutual solvent, as is empirically found to further improve emulsibility.

The product is readily emulsifiable on mild agitation with water, and is suitable for use as a soluble cutting oil, in dilutions from 1-1 up to about 1-150, depending on the severity and nature of the machining operation in view.

Diluent oil Refractory oil- Germicide Example 3.Grindi1zg composition Percent Dibutylphenyl phenol sodium disulfonate 1 Water 9 Iso propanol 10 Sodium mineral sulfonat Y0 Refractory oil having U. 0. P. characteriza tion No. 10.6 and boiling range 630-750" F.

Mineral spirits having boiling range 350 composition suitable as a grinding coolant by passing the following composition, pre-mixed, through a colloid mill or a homogenizer.

On passing through a homogenizer, this forms a milky liquid which was used as a grinding coolant, and as a coolant for cutting steel with tungsten carbide tools at a 'speed of 800 ft./min. The stability of the composition is enhanced if to the refractory oil is added the amount of mineral spirits necessary to give the oil phase the same specific gravity as water. This amount is usually 15 to 30% of the refractory oil, but can be readily calculated in each case from the specific gravities of the ingredients, as obvious to any skilled chemist.

The present invention can also be used in conjunction with other more recent improvements, such as, for example, the use of barium mineral sulfonate corrosion preventive as disclosed in the abandoned application, Serial No. 575,731, filed February 1, 1945, the terpene diols as disclosed in the co-pending application, Serial No. 582,495, filed March 1, 1945 (now abandoned), and particularly in conjunction with a metal machining catalyst disclosed in the co-pending application, Serial No. 575,192, filed January 29, 1945 (now abandoned).

It is thus seen that the invention is fundamentally a broad one, and is not to be restricted except by the claim, in which it is intended to cover all novelty inherent therein as broadly as possible in view of prior art.

Having thus disclosed our invention, we claim:

A self-emulsifying water dispersible coolant for contacting a grinding wheel during a grinding operation consisting essentially of from /2% to 30% of a refractory oil having a U. 0. P. characterization number between 9.8 and 10.9 and a boiling point substantially about 575 F.; between 3 and of a water soluble emulsifier, and between 20 and of a volatile solvent selected from the group consisting of saturated aliphatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons having a boiling range substantially between 300 and 500 F.

J OHAN BJORKS'IEN. THOMAS C. CROWLEY.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,965,935 Blount July 10, 1934 2,174,907 Waugh Oct. 3, 1939 2,289,536 Bradley July 14, 1942 2,311,500 Zimmer et a1. Feb. 16, 1943 OTHER REFERENCES Zimmerman et al.: Handbook of Material Trade Names (1946), pages 302 and 303.

Patented May 24, 1949 ALLOY ADDITION AGENTS Arthur Linz, New York, N. Y., assignor to Climax Molybdenum Company, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application September 3, 1947, Serial No. 772,011

7 Claims.

T'he-present-invention relates to new and usef'uldmprove'ments in alloy addition agents.

Objects and advantages of the invention will i beset-forthin part hereinafter "and in part will lbe obvious herefrom, or may be learned by pracatice with the invention, the same being realized handattained bymeans of the steps, instrumen- .,'tali t es andcombinations pointed out in the ap- .EPeiidedclaims.

, fine-invention consists in the novel steps, compositions and improvements herein shown and ndescribed.

,-.Heretofore, many different addition agents have been proposed for the addition of alloyiing elements, such as molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, vanadium to ferrous alloys. Among such addition agents are the ferro-metal agents, asu'chas ferro-molybdenum and ferro-chromium, "briquettes formed from the metal oxide and a reducing agents, such as ierro-silicon, silicon, laluminum, calcium silicide and other reducing ;.'metals or carbon, bound together with a binder {which may be a carbonaceous material such as pitch. Many of these addition agents are rel- .atively expensive to produce, while others introduce arelatively large amount of foreign mat- ,ter-int-o'the alloy and which may appear in the fihished alloy as inclusions of slag, while other vadditionagents.give a poor recovery of the al- "lo'ying metal in the finished alloy and are thus relatively expensive to use.

The present invention has for its object the provision of anoveland-improved alloy additionagent which can be produced with very little expense"beyond the cost of the alloying metal contained in the addition agent, does not require elaborate equipment for their production, givesv good recovery of the alloyin metal in the ,finished alloy, can be 'used Without radical lf fhange in alloying technique, and does not result in the" addition ofabn'o'rmal large amounts of foreign material such as slag-forming ingredients. The invention has for a further object the provision of novel and improved alloy addition agents which are economical to produce, are economical to use, are of general application and give excellent result in use.

In accordance with the present invention the alloying addition agent comprises a proportioned mixture of an oxide of the alloying metal to be added to the ferrous alloy and a reducing agent comprising a stable form of calcium carbide, which agent may be formed into convenient briquettes by briquetting under powerful pressure with or Without a carb b nd ry or may be merely packaged in bags of "convenient size or in packages and added to theiwmolten iron or steel in the ladle or otherwise as desired. Calcium carbide, as such, is not suitable for -use in such alloyin addition agents as the calcium carbide contained therein is so unstable and when briquetted, there is a danger "that'lithe briquettes will explode or disintegrate due-t0 the accumulation of gas therein caused by the decomposition of the carbide. Howeventhe calcium carbide reducing agent may be economically and effectively protected against premature ing the'metallio oxide and calcium carbidein 25 v place. The quantity of binder'used i from-about intimate contact until the reducing actionhtakes 1% to about 5% based on the weight of'thezcalcium-carbide, and theamount of calcium lcarbide is generally approximately the stoichiometric quantity required to convert the oxygen of .the metallic oxide into carbonmonoxide.

Suitable stabilizing agents for the calcium carbideare crude petroleum, refined'mineraI-T'Toil, parafiin and other mineral waxes; dryingz and non-drying vegetable oils, rosin, asphalt,.-'-".=still pitch, all of which are film-forming and Waterproofing carbonaceous materials which-in themselves can serve as reducing agents of a mild "kind for the metallic oxide. Other carbonaceous reducing agents which are waterproof-m be used, but I prefer to use the petroleum rials, such as crude petroleum,mineral oil or mineral wax, as these materials may be easily applied to the calcium carbide, as by spraying, to completely coat the external surfaces of the calcium carbide particles and serve to impregnate at least the outer portion of the particles sufiiciently so that the particles are efiectively waterproofed and thus rendered immune to the action of atmospheric moisture, even to the extent that the particles will withstand immersion in water for a considerable period Without reacting with the water.

From about 1% to about 5% of the stabilizing agent is added to the calcium carbide, but I prefer to use about 3% of the stabilizing agent and apply it to the calcium carbide by spraying it on the carbide at that rate, care bein taken that the particles are substantially completely coated with the stabilizing material.

Examples of the metal oxides suitable for use in the alloy addition agents of the present invention are the various oxides of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, comprising the ferrous-alloying metals of the fifth, and sixth periodic groups. These oxides include the trioxide and all the lower oxides of molybdenum, the trioxide and lower oxides of chromium, tungsten trioxide and its lower oxides, and the pentoxide and the lower oxides of vanadium, some of which are not ordinarily desirable in view of their relative high cost on the basis of the metal contained in them.

Impure oxides, usually in the form of ores of the alloying metals are useful and may be mixed directly with the stabilized calcium carbide without preliminary reduction or extensive chemical treatment of the ore, the ore of course being concentrated to remove from it most or all of the mechanically separable impurities and other undesirable impurities such as sulfur. Among the natural impure oxides which are useful are the following: wolframite, scheelite, hubnerite and ferberite. Of course, many ores may contain impurities which are undesirable from one point of view or another, such as lead, sulfur, arsenic, tin and the like, and the choice of such naturally impure oxides will be determined by the effect of the impurities on the eventual alloy.

In the event that a more active reducing agent is desired than that furnished by the stabilized calcium carbide alone, a portion of the stabilized calcium carbide may be replaced with a more high active reducing agent such as silicon, ferrosilicon, aluminum, magnesium or calcium silicide the amount of such more active reducing agent being less than one-quarter of the total amount of reducing agent.

Where molybdenum trioxide is used as the metallic oxide, 144 pounds of it are mixed with about '75 pounds of the stabilized calcium carbide and preferably formed into briquettes which are added in the desired quantity to the molten iron or steel in the ladle. Under the heat of the molten metal, the oxide is reduced according to the equation:

If molybdenum dioxide is used, 384 pounds of it are mixed with about '75 pounds of the stable calcium carbide and the reaction proceeds according to the equation:

Using about 75 pounds of the stable calcium carbide in each of the following instances, the

equations are:

Using 232 pounds of tungsten trioxide Using 150 pounds of vanadium sesquioxide V203 CaCz- CaO+2CO+2V Using 166 pounds of chromite, calculated as pure FeCrzO4 In each instance it will be noted that the quantity of calcium carbide is substantially the quantity needed on a stoichiometric basis to convert the metallic oxide into metal with the resulting reaction products of carbon monoxide, and lime. The carbonaceous material forming the stabilizing agent for the calcium carbide has been disregarded in the above calculations but introduces no great change in the calculations due to its relatively small quantity.

The invention in its broader aspects is not limited. to the specific steps shown and described but departures may be made therefrom within the scope of the accompanying claims without departing from the principles of the invention and without sacrificing its chief advantages.

What is claimed is:

1. A self-reducing alloy addition agent comprising a mixture of an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, chromium, tungsten and vanadium, and calcium carbide, said particles of calcium carbide being stabilized by a coating of a Waterproofing carbonaceous material which acts as a reducing agent for the metal oxide.

2. A composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the quantity of stabilized calcium carbide is approximately the quantity necessary to reduce the metal oxide with the formation of lime and carbon monoxide.

3. A composition as claimed in claim 2 in which the calcium carbide is stabilized by coating the particles with a substantially nonvolatile petroleum oil.

4. A composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the calcium carbide is stabilized by coating the particles with a substantially nonvolatile petroleum oil.

5. A composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the metal oxide is a molybdenum oxide.

6. A composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the metal oxide is a chromium oxide.

'7. A composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the metal oxide is chromite.

ARTHUR LINZ.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 866,562 Becket Sept. 17, 1907 1,275,449 Lemon Aug. 13, 1918 

